P1: News
Paper 1 News
To get A*-B you will need write about the impact of
- Media ownership
- Audience
- Online (Q4)
While thinking all points to set themes, using subject specific terminology and showing awareness of social, cultural and political context.
What is news now?
(youtube- The history of News in 5 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eNCJrW62WY)
- 150 years ago technology allowed news to become a commercial business.
- In 1643 there was a law saying no one should lie in the newspapers or be bias. The French revolution in 1789 changed the face of the news. Freedom of the press allowed them to write what they wanted.
- Technology today is changing the news today. Now anyone can be a journalist.
Pros and cons of citizen journalism
Pro- technology tools and the internet to fact-check, augment or create media.Allowing the audience to fact check and challenge news put out to us.
Pro- Provides different perspectives, providing an active voice for the public
Pro- Easy access to current events
Pro- Assist professional journalists
Con- It's hard to know what to believe. News is now unreliable.
Con- citizen journalism just do not have an audience that is large enough to make a real change across the world.
Con- Bias is reporting the news from lack of training
Con- they don't have libel law training
Con- don't know enough about copyright laws
Media ownership and the printed press
Rupert Murdoch
- In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969.
- Taking over the 'News of the World', followed closely by 'The Sun.'
- He bought the times
- Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990 and, during the 1990s, expanded into Asian networks and South American television.
- In July 2011, Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty, and public citizens.
- On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.
- On 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. However, Murdoch and his family continue to own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust.
- In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Murdoch was named the acting CEO of Fox News.
- Rupert Murdoch sells 21st Century Fox's TV and film assets to Disney.
Lord Rothermere
- a British viscount and inheritor of a newspaper and media empire founded by his great-grandfather Harold Sidney Harmsworth.
- He is chairman of DMG Media, formerly Associated Newspapers, a media conglomerate which includes the Daily Mail.
- Controlling shareholder and chairman of Associated and of its parent Daily Mail and General Trust
- In 2013, Private Eye reported that Viscount Rothermere falsely claims non-dom status, in order to avoid paying tax on his stately home, Ferne House. This move saves him several millions of pounds in tax annually.
- He was a supporter of the former Conservative Party leader David Cameron.
- He ranked fourth in the Publishing, Advertising, and PR section of the Sunday Times Rich List 2013 with an estimated wealth of £720 million.
- The BBC's Newsnight programme at the end of January 2017 reported that former prime minister David Cameron had approached Lord Rothermere to sack Eurosceptic Paul Dacre, the editor of the Daily Mail in the run up to the 2016 EU membership referendum.
- https://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2015/apr/16/emperors-new-clothes-russell-brand-lord-rothermere-non-dom-video
Guardian Media Group
- Guardian Media Group plc is a British mass media company owning various media operations including The Guardian and The Observer. The group is wholly owned by Scott Trust Limited, which exists to secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity.
22/11/18 News Bias
Media Ownership and the Printed Press in the UK.
How does media ownership contribute to news bias?
- Political opinion of owner
- Commercial advertising ties
- Business interests of owners/friends
- Profit: newspapers are not PSB - News is not 'non fiction' it is stories designed to sell.
The daily mail has got a new editor, their view on Brexit has dramatically changed since. The editor has a big impact on political views. The same as the journalists and photo journalists.
Bias pyramid:
Tabloid: “A newspaper having pages half the size of those of the average broadsheet, typically popular in style and dominated by sensational stories.”
Broadsheet: “A newspaper with a large format, regarded as more serious and less sensationalist than tabloids.”
Red Top: The 'red tops' are The Sun,Daily Mirror and Daily Star and are so-called because they have red mastheads. This is because they connote scandal.
Compact: “A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format (slightly taller), especially one in the United Kingdom.”
Newspaper Name:
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Owner:
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Format:
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The Sun
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News UK
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Tabloid
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Daily Mail
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Daily Mail and General Trust
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Tabloid
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The Sunday Times
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News UK
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Broadsheet
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Daily Mirror
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Reach PLC
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Red Top
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Sunday Mirror
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Trinity Mirror
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Tabloid
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The Times
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News UK and Times Newspapers Ltd
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Compact
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Daily Telegraph
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David and Frederick Barclay
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Broadsheet
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Daily Star
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Richard Desmond
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Tabloid
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Age -
Gender -
Social Class -
Interests -
Political Interests - Conservative.
Age -
Gender -
Social Class - A, B & C1
Interests -
Political Interests - Labour
Gender - Roughly a 50/50 split, slightly more males.
Social Class - D & E.
Interests - Royal family, ITV entertainment, celeb lives. Live quite simple lives.
Political Interests - The newspaper is in support of Conservative/Lib Dems as of 2010, undecided on Brexit.
Age -
Gender -
Social Class -
Interests -
Political Interests - Labour.
Gender -
Social Class -
Interests -
Political Interests - Labour mainly but also the Lib Dems and Green Party.
Gender - Roughly a 50/50 split, slightly more females.
Social Class -
Interests -
Political Interests - Conservative, UKIP & Lib Dems.
26/11/18 Brexit
https://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2016/jun/25/brexit-front-pages-in-pictures
The guardian
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Subtly stay
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‘pound crashes’ ‘over and out’
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Scott Trust Limited
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Daily record
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Stay
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‘drag Scotland out of Europe’
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Observer Media Group
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The daily telegraph
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Leave
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‘Birth of a new Britain’
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Press Holdings
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The Independent
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Stay
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‘Welcome to Boris land’
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Evgeny Lebedev
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The Daily Mail
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Leave
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‘Take a bow Britain’
‘If you believe in Britain leave’
‘We’re out!’
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Daily Mail and General Trust
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The Daily Mirror
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Stay
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‘So, what the hell happens now?’
‘Pound goes to freefall’
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Reach plc.
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The times
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Stay
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‘Brexit earthquake’
‘Britans’s Brexit revolt’
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Rupert Murdoch
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FT
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Stay/in between
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‘Somber Eu bids farewell and signs off Brexit deal’
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Nikkei Inc.
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The Herald
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Stay
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‘I regard that as democratically unacceptable’
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New Zealand Media
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Daily express
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Leave
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‘Glorious victory’
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Richard Desmond
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The sun
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Leave
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‘BeLEAVE in Britain’
‘See Eu later’
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Rupert Murdoch
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i
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Stay
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‘Pressure on PM to quit despite support from Eurosceptics’
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Johnston Press
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Metro
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In between
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‘Leave scores victories across UK.’
‘Pound falls to lowest value in 31 year’s
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DMGT, part of the same media group as the Daily Mail and
The Mail on Sunday
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June 2016:UK public vote to leave the Eu
March2017: Government trigger article 50 with Parliament 's approval. - Tell's the EU we're leaving in two years
June 2018: Parliament approve Withdrawal Act.
-Makes existing EU law
-Says EU can't make future laws for the UK
-UK government and EU representatives negotiate the terms of withdrawal
November 2018: Draft withdrawal deal agreed
- parliament doesn't vote for the deal March 2019: We leave the EU with no deal
-If parliament votes deal March 2019: We leave EU and enter the 'transition' period
Government and EU representatives negotiate future UK
December 2018
-No confidence vote
-Teresa May is voted to remain the prime minister
-Brexit plan continues
January 2019
-Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit deal has been rejected by 230 votes - the largest defeat for a sitting government in history
-UK Prime Minister Theresa May has seen off a bid to remove her government from power, winning a no-confidence vote by 325 to 306.
Rebel Tory MPs and the DUP - who 24 hours earlier rejected the PM's Brexit plan by a huge margin - voted to keep her in Downing Street.
Cover Study Covers
Masthead
Explain how the political context in which newspapers and produced, influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to The Guardian and The Daily Mail newspapers you have studied to support.
Main image (imagery)
headline
article
Adverts
Layout
Colour palette
Explain how the political context in which newspapers and produced, influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to The Guardian and The Daily Mail newspapers you have studied to support.
The Guardian who is owned my Scott Trust subtly hints at wanting to stay in the EU in their newspapers. The article reads 'Over. And out'. The full stop after the 'Over.' Creates a pause which creates a feel of sadness that we are leaving the EU. The front cover also is quite down on leaving the EU as it covers negative reasons such as the 'pound crashes to 30-year low'. This is because Guardian is owned by Scott Trust where as the Daily Mail is more by the government who has a stronger political view on leaving the EU. This shows that the newspapers are produced can be seen to influence the ownership of newspapers. However the Daily Mail newspaper is owned by DGMT which is owned by a successful business man who has close relations to political figures which makes the Daily Mail more bias compared to the Guardian.
The image on this Guardian shows David Cameron standing on his own looking very serious or it could be said to be looking disappointed. His wife is standing quite far from him also looking very serious and sad. The fact that the newspaper has included his wife on the image as well makes him look like he needs support and as if he isn't strong enough to go through it alone. This suggests that if we leave Brexit the country would need support.
The Daily Mail is owned Lord Rothermere who is a very rich business man who can have more political say in the content and side of Brexit the newspaper is saying compared to the Daily Mail who is owned by Scott Trust which is a media group. The denotation of the headline on Daily Mail is in capital letters taking up one third of the page reading 'TAKE A BOW BRITAIN'. The connotations of this would be that Daily Mail are pro Brexit, this could also suggest that the Daily Mail have an alliance with the conservative party as they make leaving the EU a positive thing. The typeface of the Headline is in a gothic serif font this has connotations of being formal, truthful and educational, it also has the royal stamp on it which would make it seem well trusted. This would have swayed people's views on Brexit making people feel trust in leaving the EU. The main image on the front cover has a very strong British feel from the colours that have been used (red, white and blue) from the British flag. To add this there are even British flags to show how amazing it will be for the country.
The Daily Mail in this newspaper is being let again extremely bias as well as racist, which is shown in the headline. 'We're from Europe -let us in!' All of the higher class racist people will see this and be shocked that these helpless people want to get into our country and will therefore vote to leave the EU to make it harder, therefore making the Daily Mail bias. The image is lots of adults and children in the back of a lorry with police pulling them out. To lots of people this would be really upsetting and we would to help them However some people would see this and be angered as they wouldn't want to let migrants enter the country. The typeface is in a very bold serif font which gives the impression of anger and importance.
The Guardian is clearly voting to remain, as it reads' vote to remain' in bright yellow. It is coming to to the day to vote and it seem as if the Guardian is panicking and trying to sway people's decisions last minute. They also say 'vote for a united country that reaches out to the world.' They are making staying in the EU sound very positive.
say who owns the daily mail, and 75% of Britans press are owned by millionaires.
hyperdrermic needle theory comes up on the run up to aBrexit
percentage readers of the dsily mail and the guardian
its going to sway towards concervative conerage becuase the government have a say in the
How to does ownership influence newspapers
high end language
Exam Layout:
Intro: Link to the question.
Paragraph 1: Ownership model - The Guardian
Daily Mail
Link to the question.
Paragraph 2: Leveson enquiry prompts change from PPC - IPSO.
Paragraph 3: "But despite this new regulation Brexit, coverage still clearly demonstrates political bias and arguably the Brexit result." (Example)
Conclusion: Link to question with reference to: Ownership - Interest to owners, interest to advertisers, interest to audience. Then your own idea.
Explain how the political context in which newspapers are produced, influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to The Guardian and The Daily Mail newspapers you have studied to support.
Newspapers influence political views based on the ownership of them, creating political bias. The newspapers views will be based on the owners political views. The advertising will also be based around the political views. News is a commercial business so they need to have political content in their newspapers that will sell to the target audiences status quo.
My case studies show that newspapers political views are based on their ownership. The Guardian who is owned by Scott Trust limited, which is a media group has quite liberal views. The Daily Mail, who is owned by a successful millionaire called Lord Rothermere, he was a former supporter or the conservative, leader David Cameron so his newspapers are heavily influenced by him.
The Leveson enquiry found relationship between the press and politicians was too close and not in the interest of the public. There is clearly a link between the ownership of the newspapers and its political influence. The press have a huge amount of power on what political view that the newspapers creating bias being shown in the front cover to the public. For example, The Daily Mail's reporting on Britain leaving the EU. The denotation of the headline on Daily Mail is in capital letters taking up one third of the page reading 'TAKE A BOW BRITAIN'. The connotations of this would be that Daily Mail are pro Brexit, this could also suggest that the Daily Mail have an alliance with the conservative party as they make leaving the EU a positive thing. This clearly demonstrates political bias.
The relationship between the newspapers is complex and effected by the ownership of them. The bias of the newspapers is read by the public swaying their opinions hugely. The newspapers have the power to twist the truth purposely tying to change people opinions based off of the ownership of them.
City AM Christian May
14/02/2019
1. Analyse the representations in sources A and B. Use Van Zoonen's concept of patriarchy in your own answer.
Van Zoonen's theory states that in patriarchal culture, the way women's bodies are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies as spectacle. Gender is 'what we do' rather than 'what we are'. It's meaning changes with cultural and historical contexts. Patriarchy is where the males are holding the power and women are largely excluded from it. The representations in the newspapers mostly support Van Zoonen's theory.
On both front covers David Cameron appears vulnerable. On The Sun, David Cameron is looking miserable and on the verge of tears. This would go against Van Zoonen's theory as he is appearing as vulnerable, which would suggest he is not in control and power. However he is a man who was still the Prime Minister at the time. He is dressed in an expensive suit, he has his hair done perfectly and he is very rich and powerful.
The camera angle on both The Sun and on The Times newspaper are either close ups or medium shots of him. His body hasn't been seen as an object like Van Zoonen says women's bodies are. If he was a women Prime Minister he would have his whole body being shown, being objectified and judged. Even so the camera angle is low connoting that he is dominant and in power, which would suport Van Zoonen's theory, that males are a spectacle of power.
Although both sources construct the story in different way, the connotations offered are the same and the way they are constructed further reinforces patriarchy. Both images on the covers are of David Cameron as their main image; he is referred to in both papers as the 'PM' or 'Prime Minister', anchoring the idea of male authority.
The only presence of a women on the front covers is of David Cameron's wife. Her only sole purpose of her being there is to be seen as Cameron's partner, supporting him, holding his hand looking pretty and being the doting wife. This confirms Van Zoonen's theory of patriarchal assumptions about female roles, as she is there just to be looked at.
To conclude Van Zoonen's theory that males are holding the power in the patriarchy is supported by the front covers. The news stories reinforce patriarchal ideas of male political power, while the emotional image of Cameron contradicts his usual representations of male authority and further highlights the social expectations of gender.
1) Use more media terminology e.g. in P2 when you discuss Cameron state that the mise-en-scene supports Van Zoonen's theory as
2) Mention that all the journalist bylines are men reinforcing the idea males dominate important economic jobs supporting Van Zoonen's theory.
3) In your conclusion say that the juxaposition of gender representation e.g. Cameron looking close to tears (stereotypical feminine trait) but powerful due to setting, job role and suit makes the paper more marketable as society will be intrigue to see Camera not behaving in a way that completely fits male stereotypes
25/01/19
4. Evaluate the usefulness of one of the following in understanding audiences for online newspapers such as The Guardian and The Daily Mail.
Gerbner’s Theory
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The Daily Mail
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The Guardian
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“Mean world syndrome”-a cynical, mistrusting attitude towards other people- caused by prolonged exposure to (violence) but in this case proper value.
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Racism- A Polish butcher arrested on suspicion of the abduction of missing student Libby Squire has been charged with a string of offences unrelated to the 21-year-old's
disappearance.
Violence-Pictured: Six-year-old boy who was dragged from a taxi and beheaded 'with a shard of glass' in front of his screaming mother in Saudi Arabia
Homophobic- NHS told to give out £5,000-a-year lifestyle drug to prevent HIV – as vital cataract surgery Is rationedthe newspaper claimed the pills are a “lifestyle drug” that represent a “skewed sense of values” and “encourage” risky sexual behaviour.
The Mail claimed people would be denied cataract surgery due to the cost of the service, even though no cost-effectiveness assessment of the drug had been carried out.
Classism-
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The guardian says to be politely neutral but they are influencing you.
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People are more likely to use labels/ stereotypes penned in the paper.
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Against upper class
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Audiences more likely to describe themselves as political movement.
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Classism, racism, everything-What CAN I joke about? Comedian cancels university show after students force him to sign 'behaviour contract' banning sexism, classism, ageism, ableism, transphobia... plus SEVEN other ‘isms’- it supports the comedian.
|
Either
- Gerbner's cultivation theory
- Shirky's end of audience theory
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index.html
https://www.theguardian.com/uk
use usefullness all the time
argue both for and against
para1- violence and conent, what gives audiences negative views
para2- stereotyping are people more like to stereotype if they read the guardian or the Daily Mail
para 3- people are more likely to gurnner arges that newpapers are poltically nutraul but theyre not
Gerbner's cultivation theory states that if an audience has exposure to television over long periods of time they will acquire standardised roles and behaviors. For example, to develop 'mean world syndrome from prolonged exposure to high levels of television violence. Gerbner also found that heavy TV viewing led to mainstreaming, giving them opinions based on images and labels on TV.
The Daily Mail draws in a highly conservative audience, who consume online newspapers.
Gerbner's theory can be applied to online newspapers and is useful in understanding their audiences, mostly to audiences within a 'digital bubble' who only consume messages from a narrow range of sources that target their demographic and physical and physiographic, such as news feeds on Facebook. However their are some limitations as Gerbner's theory was created for films, but I will explore it in terms of online newspapers
Gerbner's cultivation theory may apply to a wide range of media products including online newspapers. As the Daily Mail focuses on racism and violence. For example, when a man had been charged with the suspicion of abduction of Libby Squire he was labelled as ‘Polish’ is a negative way which was completely unnecessary to state his race. This would support Gerbner's cultivation theory as the Daily Mail are focusing on ‘bad’ news which is creating the belief in the audience that the world is a dangerous place characterized by these negative events. This supports arguments of those who think online newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm.
Those who argue that online newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm could be wrong. As a form of intertextuality researchers at the University of York have found no evidence to support the theory that video games make players more violent. This research could be applied to online newspapers since we may be reading violence and racism may not actually change are opinions and views, we may read newspapers as a source of entertainment but it may not affect us in our day to day lives and opinions.
The Guardian have always claimed to be politically neutral and at first glance at their online newspaper you would agree with this, however looking closely at news articles views and opinions are embedded into them making inflicting their views on their labor audience. Gerbner's theory states that audiences are more likely to use labels and stereotypes penned in the paper. This could be said for The Guardian as a recent story has reported on ‘English councils accused of hiding scale of homelessness crisis’. Although this could be seen to be helping homeless people it can also connote that councils are made up of very bad people that are trying to rule out homelessness and let it go under the radar, supporting Gerbner's theory.
To conclude I agree with Gerbner's theory that Newspapers draw attention on bad news giving their strong opinions which are inflicted on the consumers. Since the government are in control of what gets put into newspapers they can control consumers and make them see things in any way they like.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk
use usefullness all the time
argue both for and against
para1- violence and conent, what gives audiences negative views
para2- stereotyping are people more like to stereotype if they read the guardian or the Daily Mail
para 3- people are more likely to gurnner arges that newpapers are poltically nutraul but theyre not
Gerbner's cultivation theory states that if an audience has exposure to television over long periods of time they will acquire standardised roles and behaviors. For example, to develop 'mean world syndrome from prolonged exposure to high levels of television violence. Gerbner also found that heavy TV viewing led to mainstreaming, giving them opinions based on images and labels on TV.
The Daily Mail draws in a highly conservative audience, who consume online newspapers.
Gerbner's theory can be applied to online newspapers and is useful in understanding their audiences, mostly to audiences within a 'digital bubble' who only consume messages from a narrow range of sources that target their demographic and physical and physiographic, such as news feeds on Facebook. However their are some limitations as Gerbner's theory was created for films, but I will explore it in terms of online newspapers
Gerbner's cultivation theory may apply to a wide range of media products including online newspapers. As the Daily Mail focuses on racism and violence. For example, when a man had been charged with the suspicion of abduction of Libby Squire he was labelled as ‘Polish’ is a negative way which was completely unnecessary to state his race. This would support Gerbner's cultivation theory as the Daily Mail are focusing on ‘bad’ news which is creating the belief in the audience that the world is a dangerous place characterized by these negative events. This supports arguments of those who think online newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm.
Those who argue that online newspapers should be regulated to avoid public harm could be wrong. As a form of intertextuality researchers at the University of York have found no evidence to support the theory that video games make players more violent. This research could be applied to online newspapers since we may be reading violence and racism may not actually change are opinions and views, we may read newspapers as a source of entertainment but it may not affect us in our day to day lives and opinions.
The Guardian have always claimed to be politically neutral and at first glance at their online newspaper you would agree with this, however looking closely at news articles views and opinions are embedded into them making inflicting their views on their labor audience. Gerbner's theory states that audiences are more likely to use labels and stereotypes penned in the paper. This could be said for The Guardian as a recent story has reported on ‘English councils accused of hiding scale of homelessness crisis’. Although this could be seen to be helping homeless people it can also connote that councils are made up of very bad people that are trying to rule out homelessness and let it go under the radar, supporting Gerbner's theory.
To conclude I agree with Gerbner's theory that Newspapers draw attention on bad news giving their strong opinions which are inflicted on the consumers. Since the government are in control of what gets put into newspapers they can control consumers and make them see things in any way they like.
28/02/2019
Evaluate the usefulness Shirky's theory in understanding audiences for online newspapers such as The Guardian and The Daily Mail.
Newspapers want to informs you and make money.
Amateur newspapers are emotionally and are passionate about a topic
New media has changed the market place
Online Newspapers
TV Drama
Shirky's theory states that 'Traditional media producers would 'filter' then publish; as many 'new' media producers are not employees, they 'publish then filter'. This is due to amateur producers having different motivations to those of professionals. It is even easier for amateurs to post on 'new media' such as online newspapers. Shirky's theory can be applied to Online newspapers, however there are some limitations.
Good background research/revision notes. Regarding your cover case study post, you need to link points back to what this reveals about ownership/bias.
ReplyDeleteYou practice essay is starting to take shape - you introduction introduces four relevant arguments that you start to work through in the essay. Targets:
ReplyDelete1) Complete the essay.
2) Add further detail to your paragraphs - look at the A grade example again then expand on your points.